Edmund Husserl--Phenomenology
There is an objective world, that is "really"
out there; however, we--as experiencing subjects--must
bracket, limit, and define that objective world.
The phenomena is not the actual object, it is the impression
of the object which passes through the mind. Phenomenology
is therefore the study of those phenomena which pass through the
mind.
The world is always constituted by a collective, subjective
genesis.
Husserl distinguishes between the noetic--that which
experiences, the experiencing--and the noematic--that
which is experienced, being experienced.
The noetic is real and fundamental, while the noematic
is dependent and, strictly speaking, unreal--that which is
perceived is constituted, insofar as it is perceived, by the
perceiving subject.
"We that are, indeed, men, spiritual and bodily,
existing in the world, are, therefore, 'appearances' unto
ourselves, parcel of what 'we' have constituted, pieces of
the significance 'we' have made. The 'I' and 'we', which we
apprehend, presuppose a hidden 'I' and 'we' to whom they are
'present'." This second "I" is the
transcendental "I," the transcendental perceiving
subject which actually constitues the daily "subject"
or ego.
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Husserl
insists on an "objective" reality. There is an
objective world, that is "really" out there;
however, we--as experiencing subjects--must bracket, limit,
and define that objective world. We receive, or perceive,
sensuous information; however, what we deal with is always a
reduction, a simplification, a narrowing of that infinite source
of information that is the objective world. "Our
comprehensive epoch [epoche, a check or suspension of
judgement] puts, as we say, the world between brackets,
excludes the world . . . from the subject's field, presenting in
its stead the
so-and-so-experienced-perceived-remembered-judged-thought-valued-etc.,
world, as such, the "bracketed" world."
The phenomena
is not the actual object, it is the impression of the object
which passes through the mind. Phenomenology is therefore
the study of those phenomena which pass through the mind.
Husserl asks how
we can agree on what a particular object is. He appeals to a
collective sense or category--in a kind of Platonic move--which
he calls the transcendent, the realm of "essence" or
eidoV. "Any closed field may be considered as regards
its 'essence,' its eidoV, and we may disregard the factual side
of our phenomena, and use them as 'examples' merely." This
realm of essence, however, is created by us collectively;
when he says that "all consciousness is 'intentional',
he gives the ground for this collective creation of
"essence." It is a collective "intending," a
collective and agreed-upon abstracting from the objective world.
The world is always constituted by a collective, subjective
genesis. "All objective existence is essentially
'relative', and owes its nature to a unity of intention, which
being established according to transcendental laws, produces
consciousness with its habit of belief and its conviction."
Husserl
distinguishes between the noetic--that which experiences,
the experiencing--and the noematic--that which is
experienced, being experienced. An important part of the
analysis of consciousness consists in tracing the relation
between these (Peirces Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness are
analogous--the noematic, that which is experienced,
corresponds to Firstness, while the noetic, that which
experiences corresponds to the awareness of Firstness which is
Secondness, and the analysis, or the tracing of the realtion
between the noematic and the noetic, corresponds
to Thirdness). The noetic is real and fundamental,
while the noematic is dependent and, strictly speaking,
unreal--that which is perceived is constituted, insofar as it is
perceived, by the perceiving subject.
This distinction
between that which perceives and that which is perceived carries
over into our own sense of our "selves." "We
that are, indeed, men, spiritual and bodily, existing in the
world, are, therefore, 'appearances' unto ourselves, parcel
of what 'we' have constituted, pieces of the significance 'we'
have made. The 'I' and 'we', which we apprehend, presuppose a
hidden 'I' and 'we' to whom they are 'present'." This
second "I" is the transcendental "I," the
transcendental perceiving subject which actually constitues the
daily "subject" or ego. The Jungian parallel to
this is expressed in what he calls the "transcendent
function," a union of conscious and unconscious contents in
which the narrow ego, in a process of "individuation"
becomes more and more united with those psychic contents not
contained in the ego until a new Self emerges. What Husserl
appears to be doing is taking the cogito of Descartes and
universalizing it as a transcendent cogito, a
consciousness that constitutes the entire universe through its
perception--a Vishnu, whose dream is the universe, sleeping on
his cosmic lotus. His are--assuming I am not mangling them
beyond recognition--precisely the sort of ideas guaranteed to
raise the Gallic ire of postmodernism. |